An Analytical Method to Calculate Groundwater Released From an Aquitard Undergoing Nonlinear Consolidation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The estimation of groundwater released from aquitards is important for the groundwater resource management. In this study, a governing equation of drawdown variation within the aquitard, which undergoes nonlinear consolidation, was obtained based on the consolidation theory of Gibson et al. (1967, https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1967.17.3.261 ). Then, analytical solutions of drawdown variations within an aquitard were derived for a single aquifer underlying an aquitard, as well as for the case when there are aquifers above and below an aquitard. Drawdown solutions were obtained for both the cases when there was a sudden hydraulic head decline in the confined aquifer(s). The characteristics of the groundwater dynamics and water balance in the aquitard have been analyzed with the analytical solution. A laboratory experiment was conducted to verify the analytical solution, and a type‐curve fitting method was presented to calculate the aquitard's hydraulic parameters. Our study revealed that the cumulative water released from the aquitard predicted by Gibson's theory (1967) is less than that obtained through Terzaghi's theory (1943). Groundwater released from the aquitard increases with increasing compression index, aquitard thickness, and drawdown of the adjacent aquifer, and with decreasing initial void ratio and initial effective stress. The time for the drawdown to reach steady state increases with increasing compression index, initial void ratio, and aquitard thickness, and with decreasing initial effective stress and hydraulic conductivity.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".