The Kyoto Protocol, Inter-Provincial Cooperation, and Energy Trading: A Systems Analysis with integrated MARKAL Models
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this article, we examine least-cost strategies for teaching the greenhouse gas emission reductions specified by the Kyoto protocol for three Canadian provinces, Ontario, Quebec, and Alberta.We analyze four scenarios, each specifYing a certain level of cooperation (i.e.oftrading ofemission permits and of electricity) between the provinces.To effect these analysesJour MARKAL models (onefor each province and one for the US) are used in a multi-regional framework that endogenizes energy and permit exchange levels and prices.The US model is included in the analysis in order to correctly simulate the important natural gas market between Canada and the USA.The results indicate that both permit trading and electricity exchanges are capable of significantly reducing the direct costs of abiding by the Kyoto protoco!.The paper also includes an analysis of the the main policy issues faced by the three provinces while planning for a concerted effort to abate GHG emissions Dans cet article, nous etudions des strategies optimales pour atteindre la cible de reduction des gaz aeffet de serre prescrite par Ie Protocole de Kyoto, dans Ie cas de trois provinces canadiennes: Ontario, Quebec, et Alberta.Nous analysons quatre scenarios, chacun decrivant un niveau different de cooperation entre les trois provinces (c 'est a dire d'echanges de perrnis d'emissions et/ou d'electricite).Pour cette recherche, quatre modeles MARKAL ant he utilises dans une cadre multi-regional qui endogenise les quantitis et les prix des echanges de permis, de gaz naturel, et d 'eIectriciti.Le modele des E. U. a he inclus de fa90n a bien simuler Ie marche nord-americain du gaz nature!.Les resultats indiquent que les echanges de permis et les echanges dRectricUe sont capables de reduire les couts de reduction des GES de fa90n tres significative.L 'article commente aussi les diverses politiques aconsiderer lors de la planification d 'une implantation concertee des reductions d 'emissions de GES.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".