Biology and Ecology of Grass Carp in China: A Review and Synthesis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Grass Carp Ctenopharyngodon idella was introduced to the southern United States in the 1960s to control aquatic macrophytes in aquaculture ponds. The accidental release of Grass Carp from some research facilities and aquaculture farms at the start of the introduction, followed by the broad promotion of stocking triploid and diploid fish, helped to facilitate the expansion of the invasive range of the species in North America. Grass Carp have recently been observed to reproduce in Lake Erie. The species has been an important food fish in China for centuries, and Chinese scientists and government agencies have accumulated a great deal of experience, knowledge, and data on Grass Carp. We review Chinese literature and provide a synthesis of the biology and ecology of Grass Carp in China, including the native geographic distribution as well as the factors that determine its reproductive success, growth, and foraging behavior. We also review the impacts of the introduction (or invasion) of Grass Carp on receiving systems and the effects of dams and pollution on Grass Carp. This review fills knowledge gaps in the Western scientific literature about Grass Carp. It provides scientific information that could be used to guide future research and management on ways to control the invasion and propagation of this species.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".