Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract For any prime p , let $y(p)$ denote the smallest integer y such that every reduced residue class (mod p ) is represented by the product of some subset of $\{1,\dots ,y\}$ . It is easy to see that $y(p)$ is at least as large as the smallest quadratic nonresidue (mod p ); we prove that $y(p) \ll _\varepsilon p^{1/(4 \sqrt e)+\varepsilon }$ , thus strengthening Burgess’ classical result. This result is of intermediate strength between two other results, namely Burthe’s proof that the multiplicative group (mod p ) is generated by the integers up to $O_\varepsilon (p^{1/(4 \sqrt e)+\varepsilon })$ , and Munsch and Shparlinski’s result that every reduced residue class (mod p ) is represented by the product of some subset of the primes up to $O_\varepsilon (p^{1/(4 \sqrt e)+\varepsilon })$ . Unlike the latter result, our proof is elementary and similar in structure to Burgess’ proof for the least quadratic nonresidue.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.009 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.039 | 0.005 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".