Sulfonated poly (vinylidene fluoride‐co‐hexafluoropropylene) nanocomposite membranes with high selectivity, stability, and vanadium‐ion barrier for vanadium redox flow batteries
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Polyethyleneimine‐functionalized reduced graphene oxide (PEI‐RGO)‐embedded sulfonated poly (vinylidene fluoride‐co‐hexafluoropropylene) (SPVDF‐co‐HFP) acid‐base composite membranes are fabricated by solution casting method for vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) applications. The denser and crumbled morphology revealed by FESEM images and EDX results indicates the successful synthesis of PEI‐RGO nanosheets. The interfacial acid‐base pairs formed between PEI‐RGO and SPVDF‐co‐HFP matrix of composite membranes result in improvement of ion exchange capacity, water uptake, proton conductivity, as well as effective control in swelling ratio and vanadium‐ion permeability. In addition, the dispersing ability of PEI‐RGO in the SPVDF‐co‐HFP matrix improved the thermal and mechanical stability of the composite membranes. Homogeneous dispersion of PEI‐RGO nanosheets at the SPVDF‐co‐HFP surface is revealed by the FESEM images of the composite membranes, and their presence is confirmed by EDX results. The SPVDF‐co‐HFP membrane with 0.75 wt% PEI‐RGO exhibited the highest proton conductivity of 5.69 × 10−3Scm−1at 25°C, membrane selectivity of 25.52 × 10−4Scm−3min, and lowest vanadium‐ion permeability of 2.23 × 10−8cm2min−1. Overall results suggested that the SPVDF‐co‐HFP‐0.75 nanocomposite membranes are found to be a suitable alternative for commercially costly Nafion in VRFB applications.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".