The Desire and Status of Gender-Affirming Hormone Therapy and Surgery in Transgender Men and Women in China: A National Population Study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Gender-affirming hormone therapy and surgery are important medically necessary approaches to transgender care. However, few related data exist in China. AIM: To understand the desire and access of transgender cares in the Chinese transgender men and women population. METHODS: A cross-sectional self-selecting survey targeting the Chinese transgender population was conducted in 2017 using a snowball sampling method. Participants completed an online questionnaire anonymously. Gender identity was verified by specifically designed questions. Data analysis of this study was performed in 2019. OUTCOMES: The main outcome was the status of receiving transgender medical care, including the desire vs actual state of receiving gender-affirming hormone treatment and gender-affirmation surgery, methods of accessing hormonal therapy and surgery, and risky behaviors associated with obtaining treatments. RESULTS: Of the total 2060 valid questionnaires, there were 1,304 transgender individuals (626 transgender men and 678 transgender women), with a median age of 22 (interquartile range, 19-26) years. Among them, 1,036 (79.4%) expressed desires for hormonal therapy, but of 1,036, 741 (71.5%) considered it difficult to obtain medications from doctors. Of 1,036 individuals, 275 (26.5%) and 172 (16.6%) had thoughts or behaviors of self-injury, respectively, when lacking access to hormone therapy. Of 1,036 individuals, 602 (58.1%) had used hormones. Of those 602 hormone users, 407 (67.6%) had ever obtained medications from informal drug dealers, and 372 (61.8%) of them did not perform regular monitoring. 868 of 1,303 (66.6%) participants had received or wanted to undergo gender-affirming surgeries, but 710 of 868 (81.8%) considered the surgery resources not adequate or very scarce. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: The transgender medical resources in China are scarce, and many transgender individuals have engaged in high-risk activities to access care. STRENGTHS & LIMITATIONS: This is the first study to focus on the current status of gender-affirming hormone therapy and surgery in the Chinese transgender population, providing valuable and real-world data for understanding the need for transgender health care in China. But, the online questionnaire could not provide the prevalence and other epidemiologic information about transgender individuals in China, and the survey did not address specific medication regimens, dosages, sex hormone levels, and specific hormone therapy-related or surgery-related adverse events. CONCLUSION: Significant improvement in access to gender-affirming medical and surgery care is needed in China. Liu Y, Xin Y, Qi J, et al. The Desire and Status of Gender-Affirming Hormone Therapy and Surgery in Transgender Men and Women in China: A National Population Study. J Sex Med 2020;17:2291-2298.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".