Experimental and Numerical Study on Energy Piles with Phase Change Materials
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Phase change materials (PCM) utilization in energy storage systems represents a point of interest and attraction for the researchers to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. PCM have been used widely on the interior or exterior walls of the building application to optimize the energy consumption during heating and cooling periods. Meanwhile, ground source heat pump (GSHP) gained its popularity because of the high coefficient of performance (COP) and low running cost of the system. However, GSHP system requires a stand-by heat pump during peak loads. This study will present a new concept of energy piles that used PCM in the form of enclosed tube containers. A lab-scaled foundation pile was developed to examine the performance of the present energy pile, where three layers of insulation replaced the underground soil to focus on the effect of PCM. The investigation was conducted experimentally and numerically on two identical piles with and without PCM. Moreover, a flow rate parametric study was conducted to study the effect of the working fluid flow rate on the amount of energy stored and released at each model. Finally, a comprehensive Computational fluid dynamic (CFD) model was developed and compared with the experimental results. There was a good agreement between the experimental measurements and the numerical predictions. The results revealed that the presence of PCM inside the piles increased not only the charging and discharging capacity but also the storage efficiency of the piles. It was found that PCM enhances the thermal response of the concrete during cooling and heating processes. Although increasing the flow rate increased charging and discharging capacity, the percentage of energy stored/released was insignificant compared to the flow rate increasing percentage.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it