Physical Function Outcomes in Patients with Lower-Limb Amputations Due to Trauma: A Systematic Review
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT Introduction Lower-limb amputation (LLA) due to trauma is a life-changing medical event that challenges daily physical functioning. The aim of this systematic review was to summarize the physical function outcomes in patients with major traumatic LLA. Methods A literature search was conducted using MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, and PsycINFO. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines were followed for the review methodology. Observational studies on physical function outcomes post major traumatic LLA, with sample sizes of at least 10 adults in an outpatient setting and published in English were included. The Downs and Black scale was used to assess methodological quality and articles were assigned a level of evidence. Results The initial search retrieved 4626 articles, and 69 met the inclusion criteria. On average, papers had poor methodological quality. The traumatic LLA population was found to have numerous mobility challenges and reduced physical fitness, with unilateral transtibial amputation resulting in the best outcomes. There was a lack of literature on female populations, civilians, and patients from low- and middle-income countries. Conclusions Given the changes in mobility and physical health, multidisciplinary care teams are essential to manage traumatic LLA individuals' rehabilitation programs and health. Higher-quality research is needed to support evidence-based clinical recommendations.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.024 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.006 | 0.007 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.007 | 0.007 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".