Experimental Analysis of Lithium Ion Batteries for Low Earth Orbit CubeSat Applications
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Three groups of 18-65 cylindrical lithium-ion cells with different positive active materials (NCA -nickel cobalt aluminium, NMC -nickel manganese cobalt, LFP -lithium iron phosphate) and electrode designs (high power, high energy) were tested using an accelerated low earth orbit (LEO) CubeSat power profile cycle. Each design yields a unique energy density, power capability and cycle life. Each cell type was tested in a 3P group configuration at 10 C under hard vacuum (~0.2 kPa) and atmospheric pressure (~101 kPa). Cells groups were operated in their respective ambient condition until they failed to successfully execute the accelerated LEO cycle. In atmospheric and vacuum pressure, both NMC groups failed due to internal resistance growth. The atmospheric pressure NCA group failed due to excessive internal gas build-up causing the CID (current interrupt device). The NCA group in vacuum pressure has completed approximately 2,680 orbits or 505 equivalent 100% SoC cycles and is still operational showing 25% capacity degradation from its initial capacity. The LFP groups both in vacuum and atmospheric pressure have completed approximately 2,680 orbits or 1,730 equivalent 100% SoC cycles and are still operational with both showing 13% capacity degradation from their initial capacity.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".