Associations among food security, BMI, diet diversity and food consumption patterns of women in rural Kenya
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Enhancing food security is one of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. Improved agricultural production is an approach to addressing food insecurity. However, these efforts can result in significant changes that are associated with increased risk of non-communicable chronic diseases. Previous research with women in Central Kenya found that the number of years a woman-farmer was engaged in dairy development was associated with greater food security and energy (kJ) intake. No studies have examined food security and the nutrition transition among rural farm women involved in dairy development initiatives. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 2009 and again in 2017. Chain referral sampling was used in 2009 to recruit 111 women in five groups based on how long they had been a dairy group member (non-members and members from one to more than 10 years). In 2017, 20 women were randomly selected from 85 of the dairy-group member households surveyed in 2009 and a comparison group of 20 women was randomly selected from a list that was generated by referral from the participants. In person one-on-one interviews were conducted with a translator. Demographic, household food security, and dietary intake were collected in both years. In 2009 women's height and weight data were collected for BMI calculation. Associations among food security, BMI, dietary intake, and year of data collection were examined. Demographic characteristics were comparable between 2009 and 2017 and between food secure and food insecure households. In both years, the majority of households were categorized as not food insecure (67% and 75%; 2009 and 2017, respectively). In 2009 almost half the women (49.4%) had BMIs in the overweight and obese category. Food secure women had a significantly higher median BMI (26.5) compared with food insecure women (24.0). Diet diversity was low (<5) for all women and there was little evidence for a classic "western diet" of the nutrition transition. There was evidence of globalization in food availability and greater purchasing capacity that was demonstrated by the high proportion of women that consumed sugar, refined fats and oils, refined maize and wheat flours, and bread. Household food security was associated with the consumption of sugar, cabbage, wheat flour and bread. These findings support a unique rural nutrition transition, with food security, characterized by low dietary diversity, access to refined basic foods and high unhealthy BMI. Governments and non-governmental organizations need to support nutrition-sensitive agriculture and public health programs to curb the crisis of overweight, undernourishment and chronic diseases.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".