Foam Dynamics in Limestone Carbonate Cores
Bibliographic record
Abstract
There is an increasing interest in foam applications in heterogeneous carbonate reservoirs to improve gas sweep and mitigate a high gas–oil ratio (GOR) in production wells. However, foam has been studied in sandstones more than in carbonates, and there are few experimental investigations considering matrix transport properties of foam in carbonates. Thus, this study takes a fundamental approach to improve our understanding of foam generation and transport process in the absence and presence of remaining oil in carbonates by co-injection of Alpha Olefin Sulfonate (AOS) solution and nitrogen (N2) in outcrop Indiana Limestone at high pressure and temperature after satisfying adsorption. In the oil-free core, development of the foam generation transient period and its transition into steady-state foam was rapid for all gas fractions, where the strongest foam was obtained at 90% gas fraction. Foam properties were successfully reproduced at different gas fractions. At remaining oil saturation, foam generation and propagation were significantly delayed and were observed at a high AOS surfactant concentration (5 wt %). Persistent foams were obtained both with and without remaining oil present, which withstood pressure gradients of N2 up to 0.5 bar/m for extended times. Therefore, if correctly designed, foam gas shut-off can be a low-cost low-risk technique to reduce problems with high GOR, gas-handling, and gas reinjections.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".