Real-Time Quantitative Detection of Lithium Plating by In Situ NMR Using a Parallel-Plate Resonator
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The development and optimization of fast charging protocols requires detailed information about the lithium inventory inside the battery. We report the application of a parallel-plate NMR probe to the in situ monitoring of Li metal deposition on a graphite anode during the charging of a single layer prismatic cell constructed with electrodes harvested from a commercial electric vehicle battery. The probe provides an enhanced sensitivity and an ideal orientation of the electromagnetic field, which allows the quantification of the lithiation of the graphite anode throughout the duration of cell charging. The NMR data indicate that charging over a 4 h duration (C/4) occurs with well-defined stage transformations in the lithiated graphite, while the coexistence of several stages is observed when the cell charging occurs in 1 h (1C). We show that two types of lithium deposition can occur on graphite electrodes: (i) as a Li film on the surface of the electrode and (ii) as dendrites orthogonal to the electrode surface. Our data demonstrates that Li re-intercalation into the graphite electrode occurs primarily from the deposited Li metal film, while the lithium dendrites can partially dissolve into the electrolyte solution during the discharging of the cell subsequent to Li plating.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".