Influence of foreshock electrons impact ionization on the amplitude of pickup protons generated waves at Mars
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Using MAVEN observations, we report variations of the amplitude of electromagnetic waves observed at the local proton cyclotron frequency upstream from the bow shock on short (plasma) time/length-scales: 1) a sharp sudden increase of the amplitude when crossing the electron foreshock boundary and 2) a decrease of this amplitude clearly correlated with the increasing distance from the shock along the magnetic field inside the foreshock without any simple relation to the planetary radial distance. These waves are excited by unstable ring-beam velocity distributions of newborn protons produced by ionization of exospheric hydrogen atoms. The amplitude of these waves is generally expected to depend only on different drivers including the observed large seasonality of the hydrogen exosphere, the EUV solar flux, the solar wind density and velocity or the IMF cone angle at different levels of importance. No noticeable wave amplitude change is expected when crossing the electron foreshock boundary and inside the pure electron foreshock. Surprisingly, we found that that these waves also display the two same aforementioned properties as the foreshock electrons fluxes at Mars though the wave origin is related to the ions only. We investigate the possibility that the extra free energy necessary to increase the wave amplitude could be due to supplementary ionization of hydrogen atoms by electron impact ionization inside the foreshock. Therefore, the electron foreshock also plays a role in the production of pickup protons which contribute to the planetary escape from high altitude.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".