Mn<sup>2+</sup> Ions Confined by Electrode Microskin for Aqueous Battery beyond Intercalation Capacity
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract In aqueous rechargeable zinc–manganese dioxide batteries (ZMBs), some irreversible side reactions, such as Mn 2+ dissolution, often lead to capacity fading over cycling. These side reactions play a crucial role in the capacity and cycle performance of the battery. The implementation of a bionic electrode microskin (EMS) composed of collagen hydrolysate to convert the irreversible side reactions into reversible reactions is reported. The proposed EMS effectively adsorbs and confines the Mn 2+ ions around the cathode through van der Waals forces, hydrogen bonds, and/or ionic interactions, which makes the MnO 2 /Mn 2+ reactions reversible during the charge/discharge process. Such Mn 2+ dissolution reactions, with an ultrahigh theoretical capacity (617 mAh g ‐1 ), contribute a large amount of capacity, ≈44% of the total specific capacity at a low scan rate. Based on these fundamental findings, the assembled ZMBs with an EMS display an unprecedented discharge capacity of 415 mAh g ‐1 at 20 mA g ‐1 , which overcomes the theoretical capacity (308 mAh g ‐1 ) limitation of the Zn 2+ intercalation mechanism. More significantly, the EMS on all α‐, β‐, and γ‐MnO 2 cathodes exhibits similar high capacity beyond the theoretical capacity of Zn intercalation and capacity retention enhancement after 3000 cycles.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it