Phenological and isotopic evidence for migration as a life history strategy in <scp> <i>Aeshna canadensis</i> </scp> (family: Aeshnidae) dragonflies
Bibliographic record
Abstract
1. Investigating dragonfly migration is important for understanding species' life history strategies, migratory connectivity, terrestrial‐aquatic linkages, and for successful species conservation. While migration patterns are well‐documented for some species (e.g., Anax junius ), questions remain about potential migratory behaviour of others. 2. We investigated the potential for migration of Aeshna canadensis (Walker, 1908; Canada darner) using phenological observations in three study ponds in central Minnesota, 2017–2019. We also conducted probabilistic assignment to natal origins by measuring stable hydrogen isotope values of wing tissue (δ 2 H w ) of dragonflies collected in Minnesota and acquired through Canadian museum collections. 3. This species emerged May–June from study ponds in central Minnesota, with a 10–15 week lag after onset of emergence before mature adults were observed flying and ovipositing in late summer. The probabilistic assignment depictions of emerging tenerals overlapped with the sampling location, confirming accuracy of isotopic assignments of natal origin. 4. Late‐flying mature adults collected at our study ponds likely originated from southern Manitoba, suggesting a north–south migration pathway. We found further evidence for migration by analysing δ 2 H w of adult dragonflies collected in northern Minnesota and south‐central Canada. Their likely origins were farther north in central Canada (Manitoba/Quebec) or the northeastern reaches of this species' range in eastern Canada. 5. We provide the first conclusive evidence of Aeshna migration in North America and demonstrate a robust approach, combining field observations with probabilistic assignment to origin using stable isotope analysis, which can test for migration in other dragonfly populations.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".