Coinfection of Hepatitis B and C with Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Hemophilia: A Cross Sectional Study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Aims: To identify coinfection by Hepatitis B (HBV), Hepatitis C (HCV) and Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in Hemophiliacs.
 Methodology: We included 107 hemophiliacs. For the current analysis, age, type, severity of Hemophilia and serum profile for Hepatitis B, C and HIV were included. The serological tests performed for Hepatitis and HIV were carried out using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method (ELISA) and the confirmatory tests for HIV and HCV were done by the Western Blot and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). The results of positive and negative serology were compared using the Mann-Whitney test using the Fundação Hemominas reproducibility map of serological reactions, through the CUT-off of each test.
 Study Design: A cross-sectional study was carried out on hemophilics to asses the prevalence of infections diseases transmitted by transfusion.
 Place and Duration of Study: Department of Hematology, public service on Coagulopathies at Fundação Hemominas Juiz de Fora Brazil, between January 2008 to December 2018.
 Results: The average age was 32.77 years with standard deviation (SD)= 16.8 years. In regard to classification, 57.65% of patients with Hemophilia A were severe, and 57% of patients with Hemophilia B were moderate. Laboratory results demonstrated that 24.3% of the patients were HBV positive, and 40.2% were HCV positive, with 21.42% positive by PCR. The prevalence of HIV positive was 11.2%. In general analysis, 44.82% had at least one type of viral infection and 23.4% presented coinfections. HIV positive patients were all positive for HCV (11.2%) and 7.5% of patients were infected by HIV, HCV and HBV. The coexistence of hepatitis C and HIV was statistically relevant with (P = .001), considering the year of birth, most patients with HCV and HIV were born before 1980s (P = .001).
 Conclusions: Infections by HBV, HCV and HIV are late complications in patients that received blood products before 1990s. Infection by a viral agent and the year of birth has a direct association, due to the standardization and implantation of tests for HIV and HCV in the 80s and 90s.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".