Effect of simultaneous dual‐frequency ultrasound aided ethanolic pretreatment on drying kinetics, bioactive compounds, antioxidant activity, and physicochemical properties of apple slices using pulsed vacuum dryer
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract This work aims at investigating effect of different pretreatments and varied temperature on the drying kinetics, bioactive compounds, antioxidant activity, microstructure and functional group of apple slices using pulsed vacuum dryer. Pretreated apple slices (Ethanol, US + W, and US + E) dried at varied temperature (60, 70, and 80°C) were analyzed to determine total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH + ), 2,2‐azino‐bis‐(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid (ABTS + ), color, microstructure and FT‐IR spectroscopy. The findings revealed that US + E pretreatment significantly ( p < .05) decreased drying time (20–33.33%). Activation energy and moisture effective diffusivity were 17.60–29.86 kJ/mol and 1.52–3.60 × 10 −8 m 2 /s, respectively. Microstructure evaluation showed disruption of cells structure and microchannels formation but was more prominent in US + E pretreatment with noticeable larger pores and several microchannels. US + E pretreatment retained TPC (64.89–75.75 mg/100 g GAE dw), TFC (45.96–56.25 mg/100 g ER dw), DPPH + (66.85–73.34%) and ABTS + (62.58–71.17%) than Ethanol, US + W, and control and was further corroborated by the observed peaks as revealed by the FT‐IR spectroscopy. Color ( L *, a *, b *, whiteness) was better retained by Ethanol and US + E pretreatments. US + E pretreatment decreased drying time and also preserved bioactive compounds, antioxidant activity and color of apple slices. Practical application Apples are popularly consumed fruits and confer various nutritional and health benefits to humans. Drying is the most common approach for apple processing and shelf life extension. However, drying often leads to a reduction in quality parameters as well as degradation of nutritional components of the apple. Novel pretreatment techniques like ultrasonic aided ethanolic pretreatment preceding to apple drying provides an added advantage over conventional drying methods in that it reduces dehydration time as a result of faster moisture removal, lowers energy consumption, improves process efficiency leading to industrial competiveness and it also preserves the nutritional and sensorial parameters of dried apple slices.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it