Recent scientific findings based on high-resolution core plasma imaging of the ionosphere with Swarm and ePOP
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Thermal Ion Imagers on Swarm A-C, and the Suprathermal Electron/Ion Imager on ePOP (now “Swarm-E”) provide a unique view of charged particle distribution functions in the ionosphere at high time resolution (up to 100 images/s). Through high resolution, CCD-based imaging (~3000 pixels/image), ion drift velocity is derived from these images at a resolution of 20 m/s or better, and in general agreement with velocities derived from ground based radars [1] and an empirical convection model [2]. This talk reviews recent scientific applications of this technique, which are wide-ranging and include mechanisms of ion heating and upflow [3,4], M-I coupling via Alfven waves [5,6], electron acceleration and heating by Alfven waves [7,8, 9], intense plasma flows associated with “Steve” [10,11], and electrodynamics of large-scale FAC systems[ 12], among others. In addition, future opportunities made possible by these data will be discussed. [1] Koustov et al. (2019), JGR, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JA026245 [2] Lomidze et al. (2019), ESS, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018EA000546 [3] Shen and Knudsen (2020a), On O+ ion heating by BBELF waves at low altitude, JGR, in revision. [4] van Irsel et al. (2020), Highly correlated ion upflow and electron temperature variations in the high latitude topside ionosphere, submitted to JGR. [5] Pakhotin et al. (2020), JGR, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JA027277 [6] Wu et al. (2020a), Swarm survey of Alfvenic fluctuations and their relation to nightside field-aligned current and auroral arcs systems, JGR, in revision. [7] Liang et al. (2019), JGR, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JA026679 [8] Wu et al. (2020b), e-POP observations of suprathermal electron bursts in the ionospheric Alfven resonator, GRL, submitted. [9] Shen and Knudsen (2020b), Suprathermal electron acceleration perpendicular to the magnetic field in the topside ionosphere, JGR, in press. [10] Archer et al. (2019), JGR, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL082687 [11] Nishimura et al. (2019), JGR, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL082460 [12] Olifer et al (2020), Swarm observations of dawn/dusk asymmetries between Pedersen conductance in upward and downward FAC regions, submitted to JGR.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".