Erbium Single‐Band Nanothermometry in the Third Biological Imaging Window: Potential and Limitations
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Near‐infrared (NIR) nanothermometers are sought after in biomedicine when it comes to measuring temperatures subcutaneously. Yet, temperature sensing within the third biological imaging window (BW‐III), where the highest contrast images can be obtained, remains relatively unexplored. Here, LiErF 4 /LiYF 4 rare‐earth nanoparticles (RENPs) are studied as NIR nanothermometers in the BW‐III. Under 793 nm excitation, LiErF 4 /LiYF 4 RENPs emit around 1540 nm, corresponding to the 4 I 13/2 → 4 I 15/2 radiative transition of Er 3+ . The fine Stark structure of this transition allows to delineate intensity regions within the emission band that can be used for single‐band ratiometric nanothermometry. These nanothermometers have a relative temperature sensitivity of ≈0.40% °C −1 . The temperature‐dependent energy transfer to the surrounding solvent molecules plays a significant role in the thermometric properties of the RENPs. In addition, Ce 3+ ions are doped in the core of the RENPs to examine whether it affects the NIR emission and temperature sensitivity. Ce 3+ at 1 mol% marginally influences the downshifting emission intensity of the RENPs, yet increases the relative thermal sensitivity to ≈0.45% °C −1 . Furthermore, Ce 3+ quenches the visible upconversion emission of the RENPs. Together, LiErF 4 :Ce 3+ /LiYF 4 RENPs enable single‐band photoluminescence nanothermometry in the BW‐III, with the future possibility of its integration within multifunctional decoupled theranostic nanostructures.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it