Multi-modal Single-molecule Imaging with Continuously Controlled Spectral-resolution (CoCoS) Microscopy
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Color is a fundamental contrast mechanism in fluorescence microscopy, providing the basis for numerous imaging and spectroscopy techniques. The ever-growing need to acquire high-throughput, dynamic data from multicolor species is driving the development of optical schemes that optimize the achievable spectral, temporal, and spatial resolution needed in order to follow biological, chemical and physical processes. Here we introduce Continuously Controlled Spectral-resolution (CoCoS) microscopy, an imaging scheme that encodes color into spatial read-out in the image plane, with continuous control over the spectral resolution. The concept enables single-frame acquisition of multiple color channels, allowing simultaneous, single-molecule colocalization for barcoding and Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) experiments. The simple control over the spectral dispersion allows switching between imaging modalities at a click of a button. We demonstrate the utility of CoCoS for multicolor localization microscopy of microRNA barcodes in clinical samples, single-molecule FRET measurements, and single-molecule spectroscopy. CoCoS may be integrated as a simple add-on to existing microscopes and will find use in applications that aim to record dynamic, multicolor localization events such as in multiplex FRET and tracking of multi-component, interacting complexes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".