Bonding and metastability for Group 12 dications
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Electronic structure and bonding properties of the Group 12 dications M 2 2+ (M = Zn, Cd, Hg) are investigated and electron density‐derived quantities are used to characterize the metastability of these species. Of particular interest are the complementary descriptions afforded by the Laplacian of the electron density ∇ 2 ρ ( r ) and the one‐electron Bohm quantum potential ( Q = ) along the bond path. Further, properties derived from the pair density including the localization‐delocalization matrices (LDMs) and the interacting quantum atoms (IQA) energies are analyzed within the framework of the quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM). From the crossing points of the singlet (ground) and triplet (excited) potential energy curves, the barriers for dissociation (BFD) are estimated to be 25.2 kcal/mol (1.09 eV) for Zn 2 2+ , 22.8 kcal/mol (0.99 eV) for Cd 2 2+ , and 26.4 kcal/mol (1.14 eV) for Hg 2 2+ . For comparison and benchmarking purposes, the case of N 2 2+ is considered as a texbook example of metastability. At the equilibrium geometries, LDMs, which are used here as an electronic fingerprinting tool, discriminate and group together Group 12 M 2 2+ from its isoelectronic Group 11 M 2 . While “classical” bonding indices are inconclusive in establishing regions of metastability in the bonding, it is shown that the one‐electron Bohm quantum potential is promising in this regard.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".