Bibliographic record
Abstract
Berry pomace products possess antimicrobial properties due to their functionally bioactive molecules; however, the underlying mechanism of actions are poorly understood. This research investigates the antimicrobial activity of cranberry extracts (KCOH) and its sub-fractions against Salmonella enterica. Salmonella serovars show more sensitivity to flavonols and anthocyanin sub-fractions than KCOH. Transcriptional studies revealed that exposure of S. Enteritidis at sub-inhibitory concentrations of KCOH reduces the expression of major operon encodes structural components of Salmonella Pathogenicity Islands. While berries are beneficial in promoting human health, incorporation of such berry products in broiler chicken diets are scarce. The potential of cranberry (CP) and blueberry (BP) pomaces and their by-products as alternatives to antimicrobial growth promoters were examined on day-old male Cobb500 broilers’ growth performance and gut microbiota for a 30-day trial. In the first chicken trial (n=2800), ethanolic extracts of cranberry pomaces (COH) resulted in better performance by increasing body weight and feed efficiency (FE), while CP feeding at 1% (CP1) decreased the prevalence of necrotic enteritis (NE) and coccidiosis compared to bacitracin (BACI) treatment (P < 0.05). qPCR studies showed the immunomodulatory effects of CP by reducing the expression of proinflammatory cytokines in liver (IL-4, IFN-γ), while inducing the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-4, 13 in spleen, and IL- 10 in bursa. 16S rRNA analysis showed higher relative abundances (RA) of Clostridiales in COH and BACI fed birds, while Lactobacillaceae and Bacteroidaceae were abundant in CP1 and BP1 treated birds of ceca. In the second trial, the basal diet was enriched with animal protein using a group of birds vaccinated (n=1350) and a non-vaccinated (n=1350) against coccidiosis. Overall, BACI induced the best growth performance in vaccinated group, while no effect of treatments was observed in non-vaccinated group at 10 to 20 days of age. CP1 feeding provides similar incidences of coccidiosis and NE compared to BACI in non-vaccinated birds. Metagenomic analysis revealed a significant variation among different feed treatments. Both BACI and BP supplementations led to increased RA of Enterobacteriaceae and Streptococcaceae, in the vaccinated group, while RA of Lactobacillaceae, was increased in the non-vaccinated group with the CP treatment.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".