Relationship among the quality of cognitive abilities, depression symptoms, and various aspects of handgrip strength in the elderly
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background/Aim. Both the cognitive and physical functioning changes occur within the normal aging, suggesting possible common biological processes. The aging process is often characterized by a reduction of adaptive responses, an increasing vulnerability and functional limitations. The aim of this study was to determine if there were correlations between particular cognitive abilities (verbal ability, spatial ability, processing speed, memory, verbal fluency, divergent thinking, memory, attention, executive functions, conceptualization, orientation, computation), depression symptoms and different dynamometric parameters of muscle contraction, during handgrip (HG) of both hands, in the elderly population. Methods. The sample consisted of 98 participants, 16 males and 82 females, aged from 65 to 85. Neuropsychological assessment included Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), Frontal Function Test (Go/No-Go), Categorical and Phonemic fluency tests and Geriatric Depression Scale Short Form (GDS-SF). Physical measures were assessed by Handgrip Dynamometry Tests (HG), and included: the maximum force (Fmax), maximal rate of force development (RFDmax), static endurance HG time realized at 50% of maximal HG force (tFmax50%) of dominant (Do) and non-dominant (NDo) hand. Results. Higher MoCA score was followed by higher values of muscle endurance of dominant hands. Higher values of F max of dominant hand were associated with higher values of Alternating Trail Making that is by visuoconstructive abilities (MoCA). The variable Categorical fluency was in a small, positive correlation with Fmax. No correlation of depressive symptoms with HG parameters was found except in the subgroup of female subjects. Conclusion. Better cognitive performance was associated with better HG muscle strength. Therefore, HG strength can be a useful tool in geriatric practice in monitoring not only physical, but also cognitive function status and de-cline. The link between lower cognitive functioning and lower values of HG variables, emphasize the need for in-creased awareness about it in clinical practice.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".