Detection of <scp>HPV16</scp>/18 <scp>E6</scp> Oncoproteins in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Using a Protein Immunochromatographic Assay
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Objectives/Hypothesis The accurate diagnostic assessment of clinically relevant human papillomavirus (HPV) infections in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma represents an urgent unmet medical need. The aim of this study was to determine feasibility, accuracy, and clinical significance of HPV16/18 E6 oncoprotein detection on cytological specimens from oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) and neck lymph node metastasis of SCC from unknown primary tumor (CUP) via a protein immunochromatographic assay. Study Design Cross‐sectional study. Methods Cytological specimens from primary tumor and neck metastases were collected from 34 patients with OPSCC or CUP and applied to a lateral flow format test that detects HPV16 and HPV18 E6 oncoproteins. E6 oncoprotein positivity or negativity in these specimens was compared to the specimens' “HPV‐driven” reference status, defined by presence of HPV‐DNA in combination with p16 INK4a overexpression and/or HPV E6 seropositivity. Results Eighteen of 29 OPSCC (62%) and three of five CUP (60%) were HPV‐driven according to our reference method. The E6 oncoprotein lateral flow test had a sensitivity of 94% (95% CI: 70%–100%) and a specificity of 100% (95% CI: 66%–100%) on primary tumor, and a sensitivity of 88% (95% CI: 64%–99%) and a specificity of 100% (95% CI: 74%–100%) on neck metastases. Test agreement between the E6 lateral flow test and the clinical reference method, HPV‐DNA plus p16 INK4a was excellent, both for primary lesion and neck metastases. Conclusions We found the detection of HPV16/18 E6 oncoproteins to be a feasible, highly reliable, and low‐invasive method to assess “HPV‐driven” status in OPSCC and CUP. Level of Evidence II Laryngoscope , 131:1042–1048, 2021
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".