Shock waves in pulsed electrical discharges in liquids: numerical simulation and comparison to experiment
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract In this paper a computational model for the post-breakdown phase of an electrical discharge in liquids is presented and validated through comparison with data from a high voltage pulsed power discharge in a water-filled crucible. The numerical framework consists of an arc plasma channel modeled by equivalent resistor-inductor-capacitor circuit equations coupled to a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model (based on OpenFOAM) that solves the compressible fluid equations for describing the shock waves associated with the rapid development of the plasma channel. The circuit model equations evolve the initial discharge plasma expansion which are then used to initialize the pressure pulse in the CFD model. Both single-phase (liquid) and two-phase (gas–liquid) CFD solvers were implemented and compared. The dynamics and magnitude of the simulated pressure pulse perturbations at the boundaries of the crucible were validated with the pressure sensor measurements made in an experiment of a pulsed electrical discharge in liquid water.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".