Impact of salinity on <i>strength and microstructure of</i> cement-treated Champlain Sea clay
Bibliographic record
Abstract
An experimental investigation was conducted to understand the impact of salinity on the microstructure, phase composition, and shear strength of cement-treated Champlain Sea clay. Based on a scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) analysis, Champlain Sea clay exhibits an open structure fabric with flocculated particles. Leaching results in de-flocculation of the aggregates and leads to an increase in inter-aggregate porosity in the clay. Cement mixing transforms a dispersed microstructure into a flocculated state with a large amount of clay-binder aggregates. Cementitious products were formed and reduced both inter-aggregate porosity and intra-aggregate porosity in the cement-treated clay specimens. Sodium chloride salt has a negative effect on the strength development of cement-treated Champlain Sea clay. Under the same cement dosage of 50 kg/m3, the unconfined compressive strength of cement-treated leached clay samples exhibited higher shear strength values than those at natural or a higher salinity level. An optimum salinity level was found to be at 1.33 g/L in this study to achieve the highest shear strength, which was confirmed with the densest microstructure in the SEM and a series of stronger and wider cementitious peaks of cementitious products in the X-ray diffraction analysis.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".