Attentional capture with emotional cues remains intact in amblyopia
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Introduction: Amblyopia is a neurodevelopmental disorder of vision that has been associated with visual attention deficits. We investigated whether attentional capture by fearful facial expressions was affected by amblyopia. Methods: Participants (n = 30 controls; 10 amblyopia) completed a cued peripheral target (0.9 deg x 0.9 deg) detection task. The cue was a centrally presented face with left or right gaze. The face adopted a fearful, happy or neutral expression for 500 ms. The target was then presented in a location either congruent or incongruent to the face’s direction of gaze. Participants indicated target location (left/right) and reaction times were measured. Central fixation was ensured using an eye tracker. Gaze cueing for each emotional expression was computed as the difference in reaction time between congruent and incongruent trials. 128 trials were performed for each facial expression across 3 viewing conditions in a randomized order: monocular non-dominant/amblyopic eye (NDE), monocular dominant eye (DE), and binocular (BE). Participants also rated the valence and intensity of each facial expression, viewing with the non-dominant eye. Results: Ratings for the facial expressions were not affected by amblyopia. Reaction times for the non-dominant/amblyopic eye were analyzed with a 3 (Emotion: fear, neutral, happy) x 2 (Congruency: congruent, incongruent) x 2 (Group: control, amblyopia) ANOVA. Consistent with previous work, there was a significant interaction between Emotion and Congruency, characterized by a stronger gaze cueing effect for fearful versus neutral and happy expressions. There was no effect of Group. Post-hoc analysis revealed that the significant interaction between Emotion and Congruency was present for both groups independently. The expected interaction between Emotion and Congruency was also present in the other two viewing conditions. Conclusion: Although spatial attention deficits are associated with amblyopia, attentional capture with emotional cues appears to remain intact.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".