Molecular Insights into Guest and Composition Dependence of Mixed Hydrate Nucleation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Multicomponent crystals, for which natural gas hydrates are important examples, have drawn considerable attention because of their scientific and industrial importance. By performing large-scale molecular dynamics simulations on hydrate nucleation of several common natural gases (CH4, C2H6, C3H8, and H2S) and their mixtures, we aim to elucidate the roles of gas molecules and their compositions on mixed hydrate nucleation. We find that at a fixed temperature and solution composition, the induction time (τ) sequence for pure guest hydrate nucleation is τ(C2H6) < τ(C3H8) < τ(CH4) < τ(H2S). A relatively small number of guest molecules with a shorter induction time for pure guest hydrate nucleation can promote the formation of initial nuclei of a mixed hydrate. Detailed cage analysis shows that small guests such as CH4 can induce the formation of more standard cages for mixture systems with either C2H6 or C3H8 systems, thereby reducing the formation of nonstandard cages and impacting the nucleation kinetics. Enrichment of CH4 in the nucleated cluster of C2H6/CH4 and C3H8/CH4 mixed hydrates was also observed. Four cage type subsets, i.e., 5126a, 415106b, 42586c, and 43566d (with a ranging from 0, 2, 3, 4; b from 2 to 6; c from 0 to 6; and d from 0 to 6) are identified as dominating the complete-cage populations for the hydrates formed in this study. Moreover, four-membered water rings appear to play an increasingly larger role in nucleated clusters as the size of guest molecules becomes larger.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".