Risk of Urban Zoonosis from Geese Colonized with Antimicrobial Resistant Bacteria
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Introduction/Objective Zoonotic disease occurs through direct fecal contact with increased exposure resulting in higher infection rates. Antimicrobial resistant colonization occurs in wild birds, however the spread of microbial resistance correlates with increased human activity. Anchorage actively develops urban park environments with pastoral lawns and abundant water sources creating an inviting habitat for human and geese populations. By 2018, Alaska Fish and Game reported a 10-fold increase in migrating Canadian Geese resulting in significant environmental damage, including fecal contamination. At the same time, Anchorage experienced an uptake use of their parks and costal trails for both recreation and homeless camps. To determine potential exposure, sixty-eight geese fecal samples were collected in fourteen urban park locations. Methods Fecal samples were incubated in thioglycolate broth at 37oC for 24 hours then cultured to chromogenic screening agar for vancomycin resistant enterococcus (VRE), methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) enterobacteriaceae. Potential MRSA, VRE or ESBL colonies were further identified using standard biochemical testing with confirmation of antimicrobial resistance by disk diffusion. Results Forty percent of all fecal samples collected were colonized with VRE or ESBL producing Escherichia coli with eighty-six percent of collection sites positive for one or more antimicrobial resistant bacterium. Seven percent of fecal samples were positive for both organisms. MRSA was not identified. The highest concentration of antimicrobial resistant bacteria was discovered on the Campbell Creek Trail (83%), which winds alongside Providence Hospital. Conclusion Transmission of infectious agents can occur due to environmental exposure, which increases in individuals who are either housing insecure or chronically homeless. Urban green spaces are often sites for unregulated camping by individuals who lack consistent residential housing. Discovery of antimicrobial resistant colonization in geese populating nearly ninety percent of Anchorage’s parks and trails creates a significant public health issue, with the homeless population targeted for poor outcome due to their immunocompromised status. Continued evaluation is essential to predict infection risk and impact on healthcare delivery, especially in vulnerable populations.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".