Modulating Single‐Atom Palladium Sites with Copper for Enhanced Ambient Ammonia Electrosynthesis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The electrochemical reduction of N 2 to NH 3 is emerging as a promising alternative for sustainable and distributed production of NH 3 . However, the development has been impeded by difficulties in N 2 adsorption, protonation of *NN, and inhibition of competing hydrogen evolution. To address the issues, we design a catalyst with diatomic Pd‐Cu sites on N‐doped carbon by modulation of single‐atom Pd sites with Cu. The introduction of Cu not only shifts the partial density of states of Pd toward the Fermi level but also promotes the d‐2π* coupling between Pd and adsorbed N 2 , leading to enhanced chemisorption and activated protonation of N 2 , and suppressed hydrogen evolution. As a result, the catalyst achieves a high Faradaic efficiency of 24.8±0.8 % and a desirable NH 3 yield rate of 69.2±2.5 μg h −1 mg cat. −1 , far outperforming the individual single‐atom Pd catalyst. This work paves a pathway of engineering single‐atom‐based electrocatalysts for enhanced ammonia electrosynthesis.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".