Cost Effectiveness Comparison of a Dry Powder Inhaler to a Metered Dose Inhaler plus Valved Holding Chamber based on an In-Vitro Drug Delivery Model
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: In a previous study, healthy participants were asked to inhale from either a dry powder inhaler (DPI) or metered dose inhaler (MDI) + valved holding chamber (VHC). Results indicated that differing amounts of medication could be available to the lungs, depending on the delivery system used (submitted and accepted ATS 2020). Objective: To compare the relative cost of using a DPI and an MDI+VHC to deliver budesonide/formoterol (BUD/F; Symbicort®) in patients for whom low-dose ICS maintenance therapy is appropriate Methods: Comparisons were based on BUD/F 200/6µg twice daily with yearly cost inputs of £336 for the DPI and £336+5.2 for the MDI + VHC obtained from a relevant source in the United Kingdom (www.rightbreathe.com). Drug delivery data was taken from the aforementioned lab study. Results: The mass (µg) of FF and BUD delivered per £ are reported in the table. Conclusion: From a UK perspective, BUD/F delivered via an MDI + VHC offers an economic benefit for the treatment of patients with mild asthma. Further analysis is required to determine if there would be any quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) effects based on the chosen intervention.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.008 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".