<i>Codium</i>-like taxa from the Silurian of North America: morphology, taxonomy, paleoecology, and phylogenetic affinity
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract A 1901 report by the Smithsonian Custodian of Paleozoic Plants noted that the nonbiomineralized taxa Buthotrephis divaricata White, 1901, B. newlini White, 1901, and B. lesquereuxi Grote and Pitt, 1876, from the upper Silurian of the Great Lakes area, shared key characteristics in common with the extant green macroalga Codium . A detailed reexamination of these Codium -like taxa and similar forms from the lower Silurian of Ontario, New York, and Michigan, including newly collected material of Thalassocystis striata Taggart and Parker, 1976, aided by scanning electron microscopy and stable carbon isotope analysis, provides new data in support of an algal affinity. Crucially, as with Codium , the originally cylindrical axes of all of these taxa consist of a complex internal array of tubes divided into distinct medullary and cortical regions, the medullary tubes being arranged in a manner similar to those of living Pseudocodium . In view of these findings, the three study taxa originally assigned to Buthotrephis , together with Chondrites verus Ruedemann, 1925, are transferred to the new algal taxon Inocladus new genus, thereby establishing Inocladus lesquereuxi new combination, Inocladus newlini new comb., Inocladus divaricata new comb., and Inocladus verus new comb. Morphological and paleoecological data point to a phylogenetic affinity for Inocladus n. gen. and Thalassocystis within the Codium -bearing green algal order Bryopsidales, but perhaps nested within an extinct lineage. Collectively, this material fits within a large-scale pattern of major macroalgal morphological diversification initiated in concert with the Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event and apparently driven by a marked escalation in grazing pressure. UUID: http://zoobank.org/97c5c737-b291-41a2-aceb-f398cac9537a
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".