Characterization of offshore vertical wind shear conditions in Southern New England
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Vertical wind shears could have a significant effect on the energy produced by a wind turbine and on its loads. Although the development of several wind farms has been planned on the East Coast of the United States, there are no studies that characterize the vertical wind shear over this area. This study focuses on characterizing wind shears in the marine boundary layer in Southern New England and along the East Coast of the United States. The analysis looks at the statistical distribution of vertical wind shear values and at their associated meteorological conditions. The analysis relies on remote‐sensing wind measurements and other meteorological data recorded at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Air–Sea Interaction Tower located 3 km to the South of Martha's Vineyard, together with buoy measurements and ERA5 reanalysis data. This work shows that large vertical wind shear values ( >0.05 m/s/m) calculated using wind measurements at 60 and 53 m were often observed ( ≈25.3 % of all the valid wind profiles analyzed) for South‐Westerly winds within a range of positive bulk Richardson numbers 0–0.1. These large‐shear values are the result of the presence of a strong high‐pressure system (Bermuda‐Azores High) over the North Atlantic basin and low pressures over land, which result in warm Southerly winds flowing over the cold waters of the Labrador current. The power density computed considering the vertical wind shear by means of the rotor equivalent wind speed is 5.5% smaller than that considering wind speed measurements at 110 m only.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".