Velocity of SuperDARN Echoes at Intermediate Radar Ranges
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The study investigates the relationship between Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN) high‐frequency (HF) radar velocities measured at intermediate ranges of 600–1,000 km from the radar and the E × B plasma drift. Two approaches are implemented. First, a 3‐h interval of SuperDARN Rankin Inlet (RKN) radar measurements and Resolute Bay incoherent scatter radar RISR‐C measurements in nearly coinciding directions is investigated to show that (1) HF echoes with low velocities (less than 200 m/s) are often detected when E × B drifts are in excess of 1,000 m/s; (2) high‐velocity HF echoes from the E region have velocities somewhat below the expected values of the ion‐acoustic speed of the plasma and the HF line‐of‐sight velocity does not show a tendency for an increase at the largest E × B drifts; (3) for E region echoes, 12 MHz velocities are slightly larger than those at 10 MHz; and (4) 12‐MHz echoes are often received from the electrojet heights while 10‐MHz echoes are received from the F region heights so that the observed velocities are quite different with the latter reflecting the E × B drift of the plasma. In the second approach, velocities of 10‐ and 12‐MHz RKN echoes are compared for a large data set comprising several months of observations to show that occurrence of 12‐MHz low‐velocity echoes is fairly common (up to 25% of the time) whenever the plasma drifts are fast. Under this condition, the SuperDARN cross polar cap potential is underestimated, on average, by ~4 kV.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it