Triboluminescent sensor for detection of impacts of submillimeter explosion fragments
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Fine metallic fragments in the millimeter and submillimeter size ranges may result from high-velocity impact with an obstacle or from explosive dispersal of particles. The size, velocity, and spatial distribution of the fine fast-flying particles are difficult to determine with available diagnostic systems. A novel particle impact detector based on a high-sensitivity tribolumi- nescent (TL) screen that is described in this paper can, in principle, fill this niche. The light-generating impact screen utilizes a TL manganese-doped zinc sulfide (ZnS:Mn) powder. The polycrystalline bulk TL material is synthesized in-house using the self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) reaction between sulfur and zinc. The multilayered sensor screen is comprised of aluminum foil, a layer of coarse polycrystalline particles, and transparent plastic backing. The sensor is optically coupled to a photomultiplier via a fiber optic taper. The operation of the system is demonstrated by impacting the screen with particles in the 0.1–0.6 mm size range accelerated by a helium-driven light-gas gun to speeds in the 0.3–0.8 kms−1 range. The sensor is shown to resolve particle impacts even in dense flows, allowing correlation of the signal amplitude with particle kinetic energy, and can resolve the bow shock as a precursor signature prior to particle impact.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".