First supernovae in dwarf protogalaxies
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Context. This paper is motivated by the recent detection of many extremely metal-deficient ([Fe/H] < −3) stars in the Milky Way. Aims. We explore numerically the chemical, thermal, and dynamical evolution of a shell formed by a high-energy supernova explosion (10 53 erg) in dwarf protogalaxies with total (dark matter plus baryonic) mass 10 7 M ⊙ at a redshift z = 12. We consider two initial configurations for the baryonic matter, one without rotation and the other having the ratio of rotational to gravitational energy β = 0.17. The (non-rotating) dark matter halo is described by a quasiisothermal sphere. The latter choice is motivated by recently proposed mechanisms for rapid flattening of a central cuspy region in dwarf protogalaxies. Methods. We use a finite-difference numerical hydrodynamics code to simulate supernova explosions in dwarf protogalaxies with axial symmetry. The advection is treated using a third-order piecewise parabolic scheme. The heating and cooling processes in the gas are taken into account by solving numerically the rate equations for main atomic, molecular and ionic species in the primordial gas. Results. We find that the dynamics of the shell is different in protogalaxies with and without rotation. For instance, the Rayleigh-Taylor instability in the shell develops faster in protogalaxies without rotation. The fraction of a blown-away
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".