Groundwater anomaly related to the 2018 Hokkaido Eastern Iburi earthquake in Northern Japan
Bibliographic record
Abstract
<p>In order to study groundwater anomaly related to the 2018 Hokkaido Eastern earthquake (Mw6.6) occurred on 6<sup>th</sup> September, we have measured δD and δ<sup>18</sup>O values of commercial bottled mineral water at two sites in Iburi region, Hokkaido, Northern Japan from June 2015 to May 2019. At the Uenae site, 21km west of the epicenter, both δD and δ<sup>18</sup>O values are constant from June 2015 to February 2018. Then these values have decreased substantially from April 2018 to December 2018 with significant fluctuations. These variations may be attributable to a mixing of groundwater with light δD and δ<sup>18</sup>O values. At the Eniwa site 34km northwest of the epicenter, δD values have decreased slightly and monotonically, while δ<sup>18</sup>O values are constant from June 2016 to October 2018. Observed isotopic variations of the Uenae site are different from those found at the 2016 Tottori earthquake where the δ<sup>18</sup>O value of groundwater increased a couple of months before the seismic event, while the δD value was constant. These data were attributable to water-rock interaction in the aquifer. Thus, the mechanism of groundwater isotopic anomaly may be different between Tottori and Hokkaido earthquakes. In addition to the M6.7 earthquake, CO<sub>2</sub> injection by CCS project at Tomakomai, 13km southwest of the Uene site may be another factor to induce such variations. In order to evaluate the environmental impact of CO<sub>2</sub> injection, we should measure total carbonate concentration and δ<sup>13</sup>C value of carbonate at both sites. Then we will discuss mechanism of groundwater anomaly.</p>
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.004 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".