The evaluation of warm-season annual grasses as alternative sources of forage crops for beef cattle diets under northwestern Alberta conditions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In recent years, there has been considerable interest in growing warm-season crops in monocultures and in mixtures for beef cattle production. The objective of this investigation was to measure the forage yield and nutritive value for the beef diet of 10 C4 and two C3 forage-type cereal crops. Forage yield was greater (P < 0.05) for C3 than C4 crops. The C4 crops generally had greater forage crude protein (CP) and total digestible nutrient (TDN) values comparable to C3 crops. Also, the C4 crops had higher Ca, P, K, Mg, Fe, and Zn than C3 crops. Both C3 and C4 crops were able to meet the requirements of CP, TDN, and minerals for a dry gestating beef cattle. Considering ease of establishment and forage yield, only four of the 10 C4 crops [two crown millet (Panicum miliaceum) varieties (red and white proso millets) and two sorghum Sudangrass (S. bicolor × S. Sudanese) varieties (BMR and Grazex III)] would be a fit for swath grazing or pasture.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".