<p>Synthesis and Cytotoxic Property of Annonaceous Acetogenin Glycoconjugates</p>
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Annonaceous acetogenins (ACGs) are secondary metabolites produced by the Annonaceae family and display potent anticancer activity against various cancer cell lines. Squamocin and bullatacin are two examples of ACGs that show promising antitumor activity; however, preclinical data are not sufficient partly due to their being highly lipophilic and poorly soluble in water. These compounds also display high toxicity to normal cells. Due to these disadvantageous properties, the therapeutic potential of squamocin and bullatacin as antitumor agents has not been fully evaluated. Methods: In order to enhance their water solubility and potentially improve their cancer targeting, squamocin and bullatacin were conjugated to a glucose or galactose to yield glycosylated derivatives by direct glycosylation or the Cu(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition (CuAAC) reaction (the click reaction). The synthesized compounds were evaluated for their anticancer property against HeLa, A549 and HepG2 cancer cell lines using MTT assay. Results: Nine glycosyl derivatives were synthesized and structurally characterized. Most of them show comparable in vitro cytotoxicity against HeLa, A549 and HepG2 cancer cell lines as their parent compounds squamocin and bullatacin. It appears that the type of sugar residue (glucose or galactose), the position at which the sugar residue is attached, and whether or not a linking spacer is present do not affect the potency of these derivatives much. The solubility of galactosylated squamocin 13 in phosphate buffer saline (PBS, pH = 7) is greatly improved (1.37 mg/mL) in comparison to squamocin (not detected in PBS). Conclusion: The conjugation of a glucose or galactose to squamocin and bullatacin yields glycosyl derivatives with similar level of anticancer activity in tested cell lines. Further studies are needed to demonstrate whether or not these compounds show reduced toxicity to normal cells and their therapeutic potential as antitumor agents. Keywords: annonaceous acetogenins, squamocin, bullatacin, glycosylated, cytotoxicity, anticancer, solubility
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".