Associations Between Youth Unemployment and Underage Gambling in Europe
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The aim of this work was to explore the associations between youth unemployment and youth engagement in gambling forms that have age limits, namely, slots, sports betting, and cards, both online and offline. Cross-country data were provided by the 2015 European School Survey Project on Alcohol and Other Drugs, a school survey focused on 16-year-olds. Gambling analyses included 30 countries (n = 81,229 respondents). Descriptive analysis with statistical plot diagrams was used and the computed coefficient of determination adopted to identify correlations. The suggested correlation was further tested by multilevel logistic regression analysis, controlling for gender at Level 1 and for the Inequality Human Development Index, gross domestic product/capita, and public health expenditure at Level 2. Underage gambling was associated with a higher degree of adolescent unemployment. The results indicate that youth unemployment is associated with underage gambling, implying that a broad public health framework is needed in the prevention of problem gambling.RésuméCe travail de recherche visait à étudier le rapport entre le chômage des jeunes et leur pratique des jeux de hasard qui comportent une limite d’âge, à savoir les machines à sous, les paris sportifs et les cartes, tant en ligne que hors ligne. Il s’appuie sur des données transnationales provenant de l’European Survey Project on Alcohol and Other Drugs(ESPAD) de 2015, une enquête menée dans les écoles auprès des jeunes de 16 ans. L’étude couvre 30 pays (n= 81 229 répondants). Une analyse statistique descriptive a été réalisée dans le but d’établir des corrélations. La corrélation ainsi relevée a fait en outre l’objet d’une analyse de régression logistique en considérant le sexe comme facteur principal et, comme facteurs secondaires, l’Indice de développement humain ajusté aux inégalités (IDHI), le produit intérieur brut (PIB) par habitant et les dépenses de santé publique. La pratique des jeux de hasard en deçà de l’âge limite est associée à un degré élevé de chômage chez les adolescents. Les résultats indiquent qu’il existe un lien entre le chômage des jeunes et la pratique des jeux de hasard en deçà de l’âge limite, d’où la nécessité de mettre en place un cadre de santé publique élargi en matière de prévention du jeu pathologique.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".