Toward observing neutron star collapse with gravitational wave detectors
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Gravitational waves from binary neutron star inspirals have been detected along with the electromagnetic transients coming from the aftermath of the merger in GW170817. However, much is still unknown about the postmerger dynamics that connects these two sets of observables. This includes if, and when, the postmerger remnant star collapses to a black hole, and what are the necessary conditions to power a short gamma-ray burst and other observed electromagnetic counterparts. Observing the collapse of the postmerger neutron star would shed light on these questions, constraining models for the short gamma-ray burst engine and the hot neutron star equation of state. In this work, we explore the scope of using gravitational wave detectors to measure the timing of the collapse either indirectly, by establishing the shutoff of the postmerger gravitational emission, or---more challengingly---directly, by detecting the collapse signal. For the indirect approach, we consider a kilohertz high-frequency detector design that utilizes a previously studied coupled arm cavity and signal recycling cavity resonance. This design would give a signal-to-noise ratio of 0.5--8.6 (depending on the variation of waveform parameters) for a collapse gravitational wave signal occurring at 10 ms postmerger of a binary at 50 Mpc and with total mass $2.7\text{ }\text{ }{M}_{\ensuremath{\bigodot}}$. This detector design is limited by quantum shot noise and the signal-to-noise ratio largely depends on the detector power, which is adopted as 4 MW in this work. For the direct approach, we propose a narrow band detector design, utilizing the sensitivity around the frequency of the arm cavity free spectral range. To attain the maximal achievable quantum sensitivity, which is fundamentally limited by optical loss, we suggest the application of an optomechanical filter cavity that converts the signal recycling cavity into a signal amplifier. The proposed detector achieves a signal-to-noise ratio of 0.3--1.9, independent of the collapse time. This detector is limited by both the fundamental classical and quantum noise with the arm cavity power chosen as 10 MW.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".