Venus' cloud top wind study: new Doppler velocimetry measurements
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We present new measurements of zonal and meridional wind velocities at Venus cloud-tops (~70 km) based the Doppler velocimetry method.Venus is usually referred to as Earth’s twin due to its similarities, namely the mass, radius, density and bulk chemical composition. However, a retrograde and slow rotation of the planet (a day is longer than a year), a dense atmosphere with high concentration of CO2 and a dynamic circulation of high speed winds in a superrotational state are some of the characteristics make Venus a unique and very distinctive planet. The measure of both wind circulations at cloud top is essential to our understanding of the Venus’ atmospheric circulation and to constrain the dynamics that maintain the superrotational state. The study of Venus’ atmosphere can be a fundamental key in our understanding of atmospheric dynamics and evolution of any the so-called Earth-like planet, including Earth itself.The observations were carried out between 25 and 29 March 2015, at the Echelle SpectroPolarimetric Device for the Observation of Stars (ESPaDOnS) at Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope (CFHT), in Mauna Kea, Hawaii. The spectrograph provides spectra from 370 to 1050 nm, with a resolution of up to 81000. The Doppler velocimetry method used in this work was initially developed by Widemann et al. (2008) and further improved and fine-tuned by Machado et al. (2012, 2014). The technique has proven to be a reference on the retrieval of zonal and meridional wind at Venus’ cloud top, with both long slit and fibre fed spectrographs, as shown in Machado et al. (2012) (UVES/VLT), Machado et al. (2014, 2017) (ESPaDOnS/CFHT) and Gonçalves et al. (2020) (HARPS-N/TNG). A detailed description of the method can be found in Machado et al. (2014, 2017).The method uses visible Fraunhofer lines scattered by Venus’ cloud tops. The Doppler shift measured in solar light scattered on Venus dayside is the result of two instantaneous motions: (1) a motion between the Sun and Venus upper clouds particles, which scatter incoming radiation in all directions including the observer’s (this Doppler velocity is minimal near Venus sub-solar point); (2) a motion between the observer and Venus clouds, resulting from the topocentric velocity of Venus cloud particles in the observer’s frame (this effect is minimal near Venus sub-terrestrial point). The measured Doppler shift is the combined effect of these instantaneous motions.At half-phase angle (HPA), these two effects cancel out for the zonal component of the wind field, as the relative velocities of particles toward the source of incoming radiation and towards the observer cancel each other out. Along all points lying along this meridian we assume that the retrieved Doppler velocities cannot be attributed to a zonal component, thus, a non-zonal wind regime, such as meridional wind flow, should explain the Doppler shifts observed along the HPA meridian. The high precision of this method in the retrieval of meridional wind as shown to be of the same order of meridional winds from space observations (Gonçalves et al., 2020).These new results provide new insights on (1) daily and spatial variability of zonal wind, (2) meridional wind profile and variability constrain, (3) long term analysis of zonal wind, (4) consistency of Doppler velocimetry method. Aknowledges:We acknowledge support from the Portuguese Fundação Para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (ref. PD/BD/ 128019/2016 and ref. PTDC/FIS-AST/29942/2017) through national funds and by FEDER through COMPETE 2020 (ref. POCI-01-0145 FEDER-007672). References:Gonçalves R., Machado P., Widemann T., Peralta J., Watanabe S., Yamazaki A. et al., Venus’ cloud top wind study: Coordinated Akatsuki/UVI with cloud tracking and TNG/HARPS-N with Doppler velocimetry observations. Icarus, Volume 335, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2019.113418, 1 January 2020. Machado P., Luz D., Widemann T., Lellouch E., Witasse O., Characterizing the atmospheric dynamics of Venus from ground-based Doppler velocimetry. Icarus, vol. 221, p. 248-261, 2012. Machado P., Widemann T., Luz D., Peralta J., Wind circulation regimes at Venus’ cloud tops: Ground-based Doppler velocimetry using CFHT/ESPaDOnS and comparison with simultaneous cloud tracking measurements using VEx/VIRTIS in February 2011. Icarus, vol. 243, p. 249-263, 2014. Machado P., Widemann T., Peralta J., Gonçalves R., Donati J., Luz D., Venus cloud-tracked and Doppler velocimetry winds from CFHT/ESPaDOnS and Venus Express/VIRTIS in April 2014. Icarus, vol. 285, p. 8-26, 2017. Widemann T., Lellouch E., Donati J.F., Venus Doppler winds at cloud tops observed with ESPaDOnS at CFHT. Planetary and Space Science, vol. 56, p. 1320-1334, 2008.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".