Effect of WS <sub>2</sub> particles in cutting fluid on tribological behaviour of Ti–6Al–4V and on its machining performance
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Tribological behaviour of Ti–6Al–4V alloy sliding against WC-Co was evaluated by employing WS2 nanoparticles blended in a cutting fluid used for machining of this alloy. Pin-on disk tests were carried out under boundary-lubricated condition using a cutting fluid (70% water and 30% oil) blended with WS2 nanoparticles (CF + WS2). When a cutting fluid with ≥ 0.5 wt.% WS2 was used, the COF of the tribosystem was reduced compared to CF + 0%WS2. The lowest COF of 0.05 was obtained when 1.0 wt.% WS2 was used. Low and stable COF values were accompanied by the formation of a tribolayer incorporating WS2 and WO3 on the WC-Co surfaces. During orthogonal machining of Ti–6Al–4V using CF + 1.0%WS2, a tribolayer with the similar composition was formed on the cutting edge of the WC-Co tool and the average cutting force was reduced by 35% compared to cutting with CF + 0%WS2. Machining with CF + 1.0%WS2 produced thinner chips. Other improvements in machining performance attained using CF + 1.0%WS2 included reduction of adhesive wear on the tool and a lower roughness of the machined surface.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
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Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it