John Biles, Meyer Burstein, and James Frideres, Eds.: Immigration and Integration in Canada in the Twenty-First Century
Bibliographic record
Abstract
John Biles, Meyer Burstein, and James Frideres, eds. Immigration and Integration in Canada in the Twenty-first Century. Kingston, ON: Queen's University School of Policy Studies, 2008.304 pp. Notes. Bibliography. Index. $39.95 sc. The government-funded Canadian branch of the Metropolis Project--an international network of nearly 8,000 policy-makers, practitioners, and researchers engaged in migration, urban immigrant integration, and diversity issues--is the driving force behind this collection of nine essays. Intended to be the first in a series, this volume draws on research findings presented at a 2006 Vancouver conference by authors from various disciplines and governmental agencies. The purpose is to take stock of how well Canada has done in immigrant absorption and integration. The editors use the trope of a two-way to explore integration, the street being where citizens of the host society and recent immigrants adapt to each other, with positive outcomes as the objective for both groups. Part I of the book addresses potential indicators of integration across social, political, economic, and cultural spheres, while part II points to the lack of policy coordination within and among governments. It also examines public perceptions and media depictions of immigration and integration issues. The primary target audience for the book is policy-makers and analysts. The essays are uneven, but all offer something for specialized researchers. The editors wish to shape future discourse by developing an index of integration to determine policy efficacy so that government departments and agencies can use the resulting data sets in planning. Certainly, more resources and more actors are actively engaged in immigrant integration than ever before. Some examples proffered of empirical indicators of economic integration are poverty rates and income levels and, in the political world, voter turnout and representation in political institutions. Economic success or political representation, however, does not guarantee social cohesion. In the interrelated social and cultural spheres, levels of residential segregation, intercultural dialogue, and intermarriage and literacy rates are indicators that might be deployed, among other yardsticks. Immigration is easy to measure; integration is less susceptible to precise reckoning because ideas about it change over time. This makes it like a moving target that has never had a single, universally accepted definition. The concept is as problematic as it is popular. Integration is often assessed by the degree to which immigrants converge to the average performance and attitudes of the native-born. There is a tine line, however, between integration and assimilation, which the editors regard as a negative. No country has a truly coherent regime for integration. Loosely connected policies, regulations, laws, and practices have rendered immigrant integration a largely spontaneous and unplanned process with many services created and delivered by NGOs. Canada is no exception, and while government touts immigration as an asset, many Canadians see it as a burden. …
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".