Phenomenological gravitational phase transition: Reconciliation between the late and early Universe
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this work we investigate whether a certain phenomenological extension to the general relativity, in the form of a gravitational phase transition in the Universe, can reduce the external Planck tensions with the local Hubble measurements and the distribution of matter, characterized by ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{8}$, as well as its internal inconsistencies in the lensing amplitude and the low-high $\ensuremath{\ell}$ parameter estimates. We introduce new degrees of freedom into the background and the two scalar perturbation equations in the Newtonian gauge, with simultaneous transitions from an early gravitational phase equivalent to general relativity toward a late phase. We model the transition as a ``tanh'' parametrized by the transition redshift ${z}_{\mathrm{t}}$ and width $\ensuremath{\alpha}$, with amplitudes $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}(z)$ and $(\ensuremath{\mu}(z),\ensuremath{\gamma}(z))$ for the background and perturbations, respectively. We verify the consistency of the datasets used in this work in the gravitational phase transition framework and confirm that the individual tensions do not require conflicting transitions. We find that the joint datasets prefer a recent transition at ${z}_{\mathrm{t}}\ensuremath{\approx}0.9$ in the background and perturbed Einstein equations, driven mainly by the local Hubble measurement. This transition relaxes all the tensions considered in this work.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.006 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".