Union of foot/ankle Arthrodesis: A Registry Study of Low-intensity Pulsed Ultrasound (LIPUS)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Background: Bone grafts and bone stimulation devices are used as adjuncts to foot/ankle arthrodesis to improve healing and reduce revision risk. Union rates of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) and the factors associated with improved healing were evaluated. Methods: From a prospective arthrodesis/fracture registry for EXOGEN (Bioventus LLC), treatment success for foot/ankle arthrodesis patients were was evaluated, based on both clinical (solid and pain-free on manual stress) and radiological (3 of 4 cortices bridging) criteria. Associations between union rates and surgical treatments, comorbidities, and medications were tested.Results: EXOGEN was used by a total of 235 primary and 16 revision foot/ankle arthrodesis patients. Of these, 41.4% used EXOGEN within 90 days of the fracture/arthrodesis. EXOGEN use within 90 days of the fracture/arthrodesis was associated with improved union rates (overall group (p=0.004, odds ratio (OR) 3.675 (95% CI: 1.459-9.258)); primary group (p=0.007, OR 3.383 (95% CI: 1.335-8.574))). The overall union rate was 86.9% (primary: 86.4%; revision: 93.8%). Patients with the comorbidity of diabetes, obesity, or current smoker were not associated with a higher non-union rate (p=0.779). Other comorbidities were not associated with increased non-union rates (Charcot disease p=0.614, NSAID p=0.862, steroids p=0.647). For all patients, union rates were 94.2% (EXOGEN use ≤90 days post-fracture/arthrodesis) and 81.6% (>90 days). Conclusions: Union rates for foot/ankle arthrodesis with adjunctive LIPUS were comparable to other therapies. Known patient risk factors for non-union were not found to be associated with impaired healing for the LIPUS patients, suggesting the possibility that LIPUS may mitigate these known risk factors.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".