Deformation and Failure Properties of Lithium-Ion Battery Under Axial Nail Penetration
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract As one of the commonly used power sources for electric vehicles, cell phones, and laptops, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have aroused more and more attention. Lithium-ion batteries will inevitably suffer from external abuse loading, triggering thermal runaway. Nail penetration is one of the most dangerous external loading methods, so it is meaningful to study the failure behaviors under this loading condition. In this article, the experimental study of 18650 cylindrical lithium-ion batteries (with nickel cobalt aluminum oxide cathode) under axial nail penetration is carried out. Force, temperature, and voltage data are recorded synchronously to learn its mechanical, thermal, and electrochemical behaviors, respectively. Then, the loading velocity effect is discussed, and the results show that the loading velocity has no obvious effect on failure properties of lithium-ion battery. Besides, deformation and failure properties of lithium-ion battery are discussed in detail. A simple homogenous computational model is established to predict the mechanical responses of the battery. The partially detailed model is also established to explore the failure mechanism. The batteries are disassembled after loading to better understand the failure morphologies. Two failure modes are discovered through experiments and computational model. The findings can contribute to a better understanding of the failure mechanism of lithium-ion battery under axial nail penetration, providing reference for battery safe design.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".