SN 1993J VLBI (III): The Evolution of the Radio Shell
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We present two sequences of VLBI images of SN1993J in M81, with 24 images at 8.4 GHz and 19 images at 5.0 GHz, These sequences, from 50 d to ~9 yr after shock breakout, show the evolution of the expanding radio shell of an exploded star in detail. The images are all phase-referenced to the stable reference point of the core of M81, allowing us to display them relative to the supernova explosion center. At 50 d, SN1993J is almost unresolved with a radius of 520 AU. The shell structure becomes discernible at 175 d. The brightness of the ridge of the projected shell is not uniform, but rather varies by a factor of two, having a distinct maximum to the south-east and a minimum to the west. Over the next ~350 d, this pattern appears to rotate counter-clockwise. After two years, the structure becomes more complex with hot spots developing in the east, south, and west. The pattern of modulation continues to change, and after five years the three hot spots have shifted somewhat. After nine years, the radio shell has expanded to a radius of 19,000 AU. The brightness in the center of the images is lower than expected for an optically thin, spherical shell. Absorption in the center is favored over a thinner shell in the back and/or front. Allowing for absorption, we find that the thickness of the shell is (25+/-3)% of its outer radius. We find no compact source in the central region and conclude that any pulsar nebula in the center of SN 1993J is either much fainter than the Crab or affected by remaining significant internal radio absorption.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".