Effects of nutrition supplementation and physical exercise on muscle mass, muscle strength and fat mass among sarcopenic elderly: a randomized controlled trial
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the impact of nutrition supplementation (whey protein, fish oil, vitamin D) and physical exercise (resistance and aerobic exercise) on muscle mass, muscle strength and fat mass among sarcopenic elderly. Participants (N = 241) with sarcopenia (aged ≥ 60 y) enrolled from 2 centers were randomized into groups undergoing nutrition supplementation (Nutr), physical exercise (Ex), nutrition combined with exercise (Nutr+Ex), or routine consultation for 12 weeks. Muscle-related indicators, grip strength as well as fat-related indicators were compared pre- and post-intervention. The per-protocol analysis showed that all indicators were significantly different between groups (P < 0.001). Further pairwise comparisons showed that compared with controls, appendicular muscle mass and grip strength were significantly higher in Nutr (P < 0.001, 95% CI: 0.578, 1.475; P < 0.001, 95% CI: 3.614∼9.118), Ex (P = 0.010, 95% CI: 0.157, 1.153; P < 0.001, 95% CI: 2.904, 8.732), and Nutr+Ex (P < 0.001, 95% CI: 0.564, 1.471; P < 0.001, 95% CI: 3.441, 8.907) groups, while fat mass was significantly lower in the Nutr (P < 0.001, 95% CI: −4.676, −2.358) and Nutr+Ex (P < 0.001, 95% CI: −4.717,−1.790) groups. When compared with Ex, fat mass decreased significantly in the Nutr (P = 0.001, 95% CI: −4.856,−1.359) and Nutr+Ex (P = 0.005, 95% CI: −4.810, −0.878) groups. The findings indicate that nutrition supplementation and physical exercise could improve muscle mass, strength and fat mass among sarcopenic elderly. Nutrition supplementation might be better at decreasing fat mass in this population. ClinicalTrials.gov registration no.: NCT02873676. Novelty: Nutrition supplementation improved muscle mass, strength and fat mass among sarcopenic elderly. Aerobic and resistance exercise improved muscle mass and strength in sarcopenic elderly. Combined nutrition supplementation and physical exercise improved muscle mass, strength and fat mass among sarcopenic elderly.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.005 | 0.004 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".