History of Functional Somatic Syndromes and Persistent Symptoms After Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Somatization is thought to underlie functional somatic syndromes (FSSs) and may also contribute to prolonged symptoms after mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). The investigators evaluated the prevalence of FSSs in patients seeking specialty care after mTBI and whether a history of FSSs was associated with symptom persistence. METHODS: A total of 142 patients with mTBI completed questionnaires regarding demographic information, injury characteristics, and medical history, including history of diagnosed FSSs at clinic intake (mean=41 days postinjury [SD=22.41]). Postconcussion symptoms were assessed at clinic intake and again 1 and 3 months later. A linear mixed-effects model was used to determine whether history of FSSs was related to persistent mTBI symptoms over time. RESULTS: A history of at least one FSS was reported by 20.4% of patients. In the linear mixed model, postconcussion symptom scores were not significantly different over time among patients with a history of one or more FSSs or two or more FSSs from those with no FSSs. A history of one or more FSSs or two or more FSSs (versus no FSS) was not associated with increased odds of severe postconcussion symptoms at clinic intake (one or more FSSs: odds ratio=0.88, 95% CI=0.38-2.03; two or more FSSs: odds ratio=1.78, 95% CI=0.45-7.03), at the 1-month follow-up visit (one or more FSSs: odds ratio=0.57, 95% CI=0.22-1.45; two or more FSSs: odds ratio=0.57, 95% CI=0.14-2.37), or at the 3-month follow-up visit (one or more FSSs: odds ratio=0.97, 95% CI=0.36-2.63; two or more FSSs: odds ratio=1.27, 95% CI=0.29-5.65). CONCLUSIONS: In this sample, the prevalence rates of FSSs were higher than rates previously reported for the general population. However, FSS history did not predict higher postconcussion symptom burden at clinic intake or persistence over the following 3 months. Further research is needed to clarify the potential role of somatization in poor mTBI outcome.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".